An estimated 3.4 million people in the United States live with epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder in which abnormal electrical activity in the brain leads to recurrent seizures. Recognizing what a seizure looks like — and what to do in the moment — is essential, because many seizures are subtle and do not resemble the dramatic portrayals often seen in movies or television.
What can I do if I see someone having a seizure?
The most important step is to keep the person safe. Gently guide them to the ground and turn them onto their side to maintain an open airway and reduce the risk of choking. Remove any nearby objects they could injure themselves on.
Do not put anything in their mouth and do not try to restrain their movements.
If you are able, time the seizure. Most seizures stop within one to two minutes. If a seizure lasts longer than three to five minutes, or if the person has repeated seizures without recovery in between, call 9-1-1 immediately, as this can be a medical emergency.
Once the seizure has stopped, stay with the person until they are fully alert. Reassure them and explain what happened so they can share accurate information with their healthcare provider.
What causes someone to have seizures?
Causes vary based on age. In children, seizures most commonly stem from genetic epilepsies, developmental conditions, or fever-related events. In adults, seizures can result from strokes, brain bleeds, trauma, infections, autoimmune disorders, metabolic disturbances, or withdrawal from alcohol or certain medications.
Sometimes a seizure occurs without an obvious trigger. If a person experiences an unprovoked seizure — meaning no immediate cause is found — it may indicate a tendency toward recurrent seizures. A neurologist evaluates the risk of recurrence using brain imaging, EEG studies, and clinical history to determine whether the person meets criteria for epilepsy.
Q: What are some common misconceptions about epilepsy?
• Not all seizures look the same. Some involve full-body shaking, but others may be very subtle — such as staring spells, brief confusion, or repeated automatic movements.
• Epilepsy is not caused by possession or psychological weakness. These misconceptions were common before the modern understanding of brain function. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with identifiable electrical and structural causes.
• People with epilepsy can live full, productive lives. With proper evaluation and treatment — including medications, diet therapies, surgical options, or devices — most individuals achieve excellent seizure control and maintain active, independent lifestyles.
Through the Midstate Medical Moment, UPMC wants to raise awareness about the health conditions affecting people living in the communities we serve. For more information about UPMC services in Central Pennsylvania, visit UPMC.com/centralpa.
